These include: Paraesthesia (pins and needles) in hands and feet Peripheral neuropathy with numbness or altered sensation Difficulty walking or balance problems (ataxia) Memory problems and cognitive difficulties Mood changes, including depression or irritability In severe cases, confusion or dementia-like symptoms Other manifestations may include: Loss of appetite and unintentional weight loss Constipation Visual disturbances (rare, but can occur with optic neuropathy) Important: The neurological complications of B12 deficiency can progress even in the absence of anaemia, making early detection crucial
Detectability is a crucial consideration in biomarker discovery, as proteins with excessive missing values or those undetectable in one group are typically excluded during data cleaning and differential analysis, potentially leading to missed findings
Higher expression level due to, e.g., gene duplication, or dysregulation, lead to the same outcome
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One study showed that some patients may also start drinking more water, creating the risk of polyuria among the elderly community
doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-112311-083918 152 WangWGreenMChoiJEGijonMKennedyPDJohnsonJKet al
