Current laboratory investigations further evaluate intracellular signaling involving MAPK/ERK , PI3K/Akt , CREB , cAMP , protein kinase A (PKA) , oxidative stress-response pathways, DNA maintenance mechanisms, and additional second messenger systems associated with cellular biology
10.1186/s13054-015-0885-x 53 MajuriR.GrasbeckR.(1986)
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In addition, GLP-1RAs bind to GLP-1 receptors, activating the Akt signaling pathway, which subsequently enhances intracellular Wnt signal transduction [99]
This narrative review is an attempt to elaborate and consolidate our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the detrimental effect(s) of this infectious process on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical manifestations, and damage to multiple organ systems