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For immunoregulation, butyrate activates GPR41/43/109A receptors to promote Treg differentiation and, as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, remodels chromatin structure, upregulates anti-fibrotic gene expression, and directly inhibits TGF- signaling to reduce COL1A1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels (Wang et al., 2022)

Antioxidants 12 (9), 1660

FLORA LICHTMAN: They also seem to weve seen this in food

And longer-term data shows HDL cholesterol may slightly decrease rather than improve

Mol Genet Metab Rep (2019) 19:100470