in fibroblast culture models it stimulates collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis at picomolar to nanomolar concentrations (10 to 10 M), and modulates metalloproteinase (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9) activity and their inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP-2), functioning as a general regulator of extracellular matrix remodeling ( Mechanistic research establishes that GHK activates TGF- and integrin 1 pathways during tissue repair, attracts immune and endothelial cells to wound sites, and restores gene expression patterns toward a healthier fibroblast phenotype in models of aging and radiation damage ( A 2018 review in IJMS characterizes its role in collagen production, nerve outgrowth stimulation, and dermal stem cell marker expression ( For Research Use Only
these changes showed up by week 3 and held at 2 months
The wrinkles, the thinning, the loss of density and resilience that we associate with aging skin are not entirely inevitable they're partly the consequence of losing this molecule
Helmi et al., 2020, 2021a, b)
Lancet (2017) 389(10080):174155
As opposed to other antioxidants, it does not merely battle alone