The pathway relies on essential cofactors, including vitamin C (BBOX stabilization), vitamin B6 (amino acid conversion), niacin (NADPH supply), and iron (hydroxylation) [67,68,69,70,71]
In addition to age and genetics, cumulative noise exposure, smoking, and medications can all contribute to age-related hearing loss
There are three pathways to produce propionate, including the acrylate, succinate, and the propanediol pathways
High Sugar and Processed Food Intake Excess sugar and processed foods increase oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial damage
Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Koeffler HP
In addition, the development cycles are long and the success rate is low, which are critical factors restricting drug development