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IGF-1 LR3 has an arginine instead of a glutamic acid at the third position in its amino acid sequence and an additional 13 amino acids at its N-terminus

Voitenleitner, C., Bechtel, J., Arfsten, A

The production of NO by NOS2 (in micromolar amounts) is much higher and more sustained than by other NOSes, thereby making NOS2 an important player in regulating inflammation and infection (28, 32)

Ascorbyl palmitate (AP) is an ester formed from ascorbic acid and palmitic acid creating a form of vitamin C that is fat-soluble, meaning it can interact with lipid-based molecules

It serves as the primary intracellular reducing agent for reactive oxygen species (ROS), a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and a central mediator of hepatic detoxification via glutathione Stransferase (GST) and the glutamyl cycle

Together, excessive and reduced production of neuro-toxic and -protective kynurenines, respectively, may exacerbate excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation, establishing a feed-forward cycle of KP dysregulation, 5-HT depletion, HPA axis hyperactivity, and increased vulnerability to MDD