Despite the pathophysiological and clinical differences between AD and PD, the basis for the use of GLP-1RAs in the treatment of these diseases is precisely the general mechanisms of their pathogenesis and risk factors, including T2DM and insulin resistance, abnormal accumulation of toxic proteins, increased inflammation, decreased synaptic function, loss of neurons, increased activation of astrocytes, leading to cognitive dysfunction [43]
and plaque hemorrhage (9)
IDF Diabetes Atlas 7th edn
This is why liraglutide is often taken once daily
Research on transdermal drug delivery shows that even with enhancement technologies, only certain types of molecules can achieve meaningful absorption rates
it is sometimes used off-label to treat prediabetes and leads to modest weight loss