Immunostaining of lung tissue from the same regions on which we performed gene expression analysis localized SMAD2, a down-stream signal transducer of TGF, to the alveolar and airway walls while members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway, including SMAD6 and SMAD1, were primarily seen in vascular endothelial cells (Additional file 9)
In some embodiments, the amount of thermoreversible polymer (e.g., pluronic F127) in any formulation described herein is about 11% of the total weight of the formulation
For subcutaneous injections, the abdominal site is preferred for most peptides due to the consistent subcutaneous fat layer thickness, proximity to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (relevant for some anti-inflammatory peptides), and the practical convenience of self-administration in research settings
Despite its positive effects on sexual function, testosterone replacement therapy inhibits the production of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in men
Both opened bacteriostatic water and reconstituted peptide have 28-day shelf lives
This research informs policy development and clinical practice guidelines at local, national, and international levels
