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Mitochondrial E GSH generally ranges from 280 to 300 mV, while E GSH in the ER is more oxidizing and has a wider range of values from 118 mV to 230 mV in mammalian cells [10,14,2531]
In the human body, thiamine concentrations are generally highest in the skeletal muscle, heart, brain, liver, and kidneys [3]
Moreover, the sustained release capability of azelaic acid-loaded NLCs would be advantageous for topical drug delivery due to the prolonged localized drug deposition within the skin layers (Tangau et al., 2022)
The amphiphilic cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) exhibits potential advantages in terms of enhanced penetration through the skins lipid barrier and efficient transportation of GHK to the cellular surface, thereby demonstrating a remarkable efficacy in skin regeneration
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