In preclinical studies, GIPR/GLP-1R co-agonism produces less nauseating effects compared to GLP-1R agonism alone as measured by kaolin intake in mice and rats and emetic events in musk shrews (69)
R.et al
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But mitochondrial efficiency and NAD+ availability are distinct variables, and the evidence for NAD+ specifically addresses the fuel supply side of the equation
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145,195 L-cells have been shown to express receptors for metabolic hormones including, but not limited to, insulin, leptin and GIP, although the degree to which leptin and insulin stimulate overall GLP-1 secretion is currently elusive/unclear