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[11] Long-term metformin therapy reduces calcium-dependent intrinsic-factor binding, lowering B12 absorption and potentially necessitating higher or more frequent parenteral doses

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Exp Eye Res 2011

Low stomach acidity and damage to cells in the stomach reduces the amount of intrinsic factor you make, and, the older you get, the less intrinsic factor is produced

SMAR1-derived P44 peptide retains its tumor suppressor function through modulation of p53

Yet, B12 deficiency is clearly a problem: In the United States, it is estimated that roughly 6 percent of people under age 60 (8) are short on the micronutrient