Alterations in the expression levels of proteins related to fission/fusion processes (such as Opa1, Drp1, MFN1/2, Fis1) 298 and post-translational modifications of Drp1 299,300 may bias mitochondria towards excessive fission, increasing mitochondrial fragmentation, leading to damage in mitochondrial energy biology and accumulation of mitochondrial DNA damage
While not FDA-approved specifically for weight loss, metformin typically produces modest weight reduction of 1-3 kg (approximately 2-3% of body weight), possibly through decreased appetite, potential effects on gut microbiome composition, and metabolic effects on cellular energy pathways
GPNMB expression was also increased in senescent human umbilical vein endothelial cells, in endothelial cells from old mice, and in several other tissues such as bone marrow and lungs 62 , suggesting that GPNMB could be a potential target in senescence-related pathological conditions
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Therefore, enhancing intracellular glutathione represents one of the most promising strategies to restore redox balance, strengthen cellular integrity, and delay aging
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