Keeping it stored in a dark spot between uses protects its potency throughout the vial's shelf life
Age considerations include lack of approval for individuals under 18
Oral absorption is considered too undependable to rely on in patients with pernicious anemia or other conditions resulting in malabsorption of vitamin B12
They can promote mitochondrial biogenesis (increasing the number and function of mitochondria within cells), increase antioxidant activity, stabilize mitochondrial membranes, assist with ATP production, and modulate cell signaling and protection
Any current use is off-label, compounded, and should be supervised by a licensed medical provider
For solutions prone to oxidation, purging vials with nitrogen or argon can help maintain stability