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Lifestyle Factors: Smoking: Smoking can accelerate skin ageing and contribute to skin discolouration due to decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the skin

Circulating Fe 3+ enters cells with the assistance of transferrin and subsequently converts to Fe 2+ ( 2+ can catalyze the generation of metabolically toxic reactive oxygen species and phospholipid peroxide through the Fenton reaction, leading to cell damage or death (Figure 4)

Edwards R., Colombo T., Greaves P

[Google Scholar] Bhandary B, Marahatta A, Kim HR, Chae HJ

Glutathione: An antioxidant ingredient that helps improve the look of dull skin and supports a brighter, more even-toned appearance

Refer to Table 2: Patient Risk Factors Associated with Folate Deficiency for more information