World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) : Prohibited in sports due to unproven effects and potential unfair advantages ([4])
In those cases, nasal B12 is usually used as part of a medical treatment plan, not just a wellness add-on
The initiation phase involves the generation of ROS, including free radicals like hydroxyl radicals (OH), superoxide anions (O 2 ), and non-radical oxidants like hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) [48, 49]
Furthermore, compared to normal thyroid tissue, antioxidant catalase expression was significantly reduced in human thyroid tumours (131)
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However, people with normal intestinal absorption and mild to moderate B12 deficiency symptoms can take oral B12 supplementation (B12 and folic acid pills)