2 Although the pancreatic effects of GLP-1 (glucose-dependent insulin secretion and glucagon suppression) are well-established, its extrapancreatic actions are increasingly being recognised as critical to the therapeutic effects of GLP-1RAs
While some individuals may begin to notice a reduction in hunger within the first week of starting treatment, the full effects typically develop over a period of several weeks
Mller cell gliosis, marked by an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), can cause excitotoxicity-induced cell death of RGCs [92]
A third incretin-based approach is tirzepatide, a dual agonist of GLP-1R and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), which achieves greater HbA1c reduction and weight loss compared with GLP-1RAs alone
10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.009 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 5.Caruso I., Cignarelli A., Sorice G.P
GLP-1 medications are typically administered once weekly via a subcutaneous injection, meaning a small injection just beneath the skin that causes minimal discomfort compared to intramuscular injections
