In the periphery, GLP-1 acts directly on pancreatic islets to enhance GSIS (Mojsov et al., 1987) and inhibit glucagon release (Komatsu et al., 1989)
Intestinal Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Effects on Food Intake: Physiological Relevance and Emerging Mechanisms
For background on how retatrutide works, see our mechanism of action guide
In the broader GLP-1 market, GLP-1+GIP dual-agonist formulations are commonly associated with tirzepatide, the active ingredient in brand-name Zepbound
But this complex interplay of hormonal signals is precisely why we need to look closely at its effects on systems beyond metabolism, like the heart
therefore, individuals with obesity often exhibit eating behaviors characterized by the consumption of larger portions, energy-dense foods, and increased snacking behavior (104)