One key challenge is the high operational cost associated with the specialized equipment and maintenance requirements ( The choice of solvent is critical, as water, often used for its green credentials, may be inefficient in extracting less polar phenolics, resulting in lower overall extraction efficiency compared to organic solvents like ethanol ( 3.2 Common methods for polyphenol quantification 3.2.1 Spectrophotometric methods Spectrophotometry is a simple and widely used technique for identifying phenolic compounds in plants ( 3 , with absorbance measured in the 410423 nm range ( Anthocyanins, another important group of phenolics, can be quantified spectrophotometrically under mildly acidic conditions, with absorbance measured between 490 and 550 nm ( 3.2.2 Gas chromatography method Gas chromatography is widely used to identify and quantify polyphenols, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins ( 2 ), helium (He), or hydrogen (H 2 )

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