These pathways play a crucial role in its wide-ranging therapeutic effects, extending the benefits of GLP-1RAs beyond metabolic diseases
In the meantime, mitochondrial dysfunction is induced by hepatic IR and lipid accumulation and the lipid peroxidation mediated by cytochrome p450 2E1 boost the production of reactive oxygen and promote the degradation of mitochondria (125), which could further lead to the lack of cellular energy and metabolic intermediates accumulation, all these may lead to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, hepatocellular apoptosis and hepatic fibrogenesis, finally resulting in cirrhosis of the liver (125) ( Figure 3 )
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[32] [33] Off-label medications with evidence supporting their use include other SSRIs and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine, gabapentin, and oxybutynin (with caution regarding anticholinergic side effects)
Diabetes 53 , 535-P (2004)
Some practitioners report that anti-inflammatory effects become more pronounced at weeks 8 to 12 compared to weeks 1 to 4
