Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
For someone with normal B12 levels, the benefit of routine injections for wellness is unproven, while potential harms, however small, accumulate with repeated treatment
The disease is called pernicious ( deadly ), because before B12 shots were available, people had no choice but to die
Combination treatments (multi-target protocols often exceed single treatments)
B12 converts homocysteine, an inflammatory amino acid, into methionine
Also, helps in the accumulation of excess fat in the liver and other tissues