Groups at higher risk of deficiency include older adults (due to reduced stomach acid production), people following vegan or strict vegetarian diets (as B12 is naturally found almost exclusively in animal products), individuals with pernicious anaemia or other malabsorption conditions, those taking certain medications such as metformin or proton pump inhibitors long-term, and people with significant nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), which can inactivate B12 in the body
Description: A blood test to measure your levels of vitamin B12, a vitamin which is necessary for the formation of red blood cells, tissue and cellular repairs and nerve health
The US and Europe, but not the UK, recommend higher levels for pregnant and breastfeeding women
For example, when treating frequent migraines, a trained professional injects the muscles of the neck and head
The copper peptide supports cellular health while minoxidil enhances blood flow
An oral B12 supplement often delivers far less than the label suggests
