[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 59.Giuliano F
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential nutrient involved in energy metabolism, nerve function, and red blood cell production
Aging reduces NAD+ synthesis pathways while increasing consumption by enzymes like CD38 and PARPs, activated by inflammation and damage.[13][15] CD38, an immune-related enzyme, ramps up with age, breaking down NAD+ precursors
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Perpinial, N
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